NONTARIFF AGRICULTURAL TRADE BARRIERS: LIVESTOCK AND MEAT LEGISLATIVE AND REGULATORY DEVICES AS THEY AFFECT INTERNATIONAL TRADE BETWEEN INDUSTRIALLY DEVELOPED COUNTRIES

Within the last two decades nations have applied nontariff barriers to international agricultural trade with ever increasing frequency and boldness. Nontariff trade barriers have proven to be an effective means of restricting international trade. Governments are using nontariff barriers as a policy tool to protect and stabilize domestic production; but in so doing they destabilize international trade. This thesis analyses the effect of nontariff trade barriers on the international beef industry. It identifies the major policies of certain selected industrial nations. United States, Canada, Japan, Australia, New Zealand, and the European Community, which restrict free trade of beef and cattle via nontariff barriers and determines how they affect the trading patterns of the major beef exporting and importing nations.

A short history of trade and trade barriers is provided with emphasis on the conceptual framework of nontariff barriers. The characteristics of the beef industry and the recent developments in consumer demands for beef are discussed. Beef and livestock legislative and regulatory devices such as health standards and technical requirements are examined and evaluated as to their impacts on the consumers and producers

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